Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of Elephantopus scaber L. and Sauropus androgynus (L.) merr formulations in prolactin and erythrocyte cell production in pregnant typhoid mice. Methods: In the experiment, 21 pregnant BALB/c mice, divided into seven treatment groups ( n = 3) were used. All groups, except control group (T1), were orally infected with Salmonella typhi (107 CFU/mL). Individual initial doses of 200 mg/kg E. scaber and 150 mg/kg S. androgynous were given to the mice. Extracts of E. scaber and S. androgynus were then administered orally in the following formulation ratios: 100:0 (T3), 75:25 (T4), 50:50 (T5), 25:75 (T6) and 0:100 % (T7). Blood was isolated from the orbital veins of pregnant mice at 4, 8 and 12 days post-infection, and centrifuged at 2500 rpm and 10 oC for 5 min. The supernatant was separated from the pellets to obtain the serum. Hematopoietic cells were isolated from bone marrow at 12 days post-infection. Prolactin hormone level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and erythrocytes were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Result: Salmonella typhi infection in pregnant mice reduces levels of prolactin and TER119 + cells. T7 formulation increased ( p < 0.05) prolactin levels on days 8 (3.83 ± 0.93 ng/mL) and 12 (3.45 ± 0.39 ng/mL) post-infection. Furthermore, the T3, T5, and T7 formulation may have elevated the number of TER119 + cells compared to the control group. Mice given the T3 formulation showed increased numbers of TER119 + VLA4 + (68,73 %), those given T5 showed comparable numbers of TER119 + VLA4 - (45.81 %) and TER119 + VLA4 + (54.19%), while those given T7 showed increased the numbers of TER119 + VLA4 - (97,45 %). Conclusion: E. scaber and S. androgynus leaves extracts significantly increased ( p < 0.05) the levels of prolactin and erythrocytes to support the pregnancy of BALB/c mice with typhoid model. Keywords: Elephantopus scaber , Erythropoiesis, Pregnancy, Prolactin, Salmonella typhi , Sauropus androgynus
Highlights
Pregnant women have a higher risk of infectious diseases because they have different immunological conditions compared to nonpregnant women [1]
A previous study has shown that prolactin is one hormone that changes in response to Salmonella typhi infection [2]
We previously demonstrated that E. scaber combined with Polyscias obtusa significantly enhances the immune system, in terms of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and TER119+ cells [3]
Summary
Pregnant women have a higher risk of infectious diseases because they have different immunological conditions compared to nonpregnant women [1]. The concentrations of hormones in pregnant women change when they are infected by pathogens such as Salmonella typhi. A recent study demonstrates reduced erythrocyte levels in pregnant mice infected with Salmonella typhi [3]. E. scaber can be used to suppress the production of oestrogen in pregnant women infected by Salmonella typhi, followed by normal secretion of prolactin [8,9]. The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of E. scaber, combined with S. androgynus, in optimizing prolactin production and erythropoiesis in pregnant mice. The Salmonella typhi isolate was collected from the Microbiology Laboratory in the Faculty of Medicine at Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia. Group T3 – T7 were infected with Salmonella typhi and various ratio doses of E. scaber and S. androgynus extract: 100:0 (T3), 75:25 (T4), 50:50 (T5), 25:75 (T6) and 0:100 % (T7). Dissection for analysis of prolactin levels was performed at 4, 8 and 12 days post-infection, while analysis of TER119+, TER119+VLA4+ cells (representing erythrocyte precursors), and TER119+VLA4- cells (representing mature erythrocytes) were performed at 12 days postinfection
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