Abstract
Single-metal and bimetal catalysts were synthesized by the modification of a meso-/microporous composite catalyst (ZSM-5@SBA-15) with the oxides of gallium, zinc, and nickel by ion exchange (iex) and impregnation (imp), followed by their application in the catalytic upgrading of bio-oil via the pyrolysis of biomass.The results revealed that the yields of high value-added products of hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene and naphthalene) significantly catalytic pyrolysis over bimetal catalysts improved comparison with that over a non-metal modified catalyst, that is, product yield increased from 2.9 area% to 10.6 area%. Moreover, the possible mechanism for catalytic pyrolysis over the best-performing catalyst of Ga/Zn-ZSM-5@SBA-15-iex (gallium, zinc-modified meso-/microporous ZSM-5@SBA-15 by ion-exchange method) with the highest aromatic selectivity and effective reduction of carbonyl compounds (e.g., carboxides) was proposed by assuming the systematic comparison of structural features and catalytic performances of various metal/ZSM-5@SBA-15-type catalysts and fundamental investigation of the synergetic effects dominated by acidic sites, type of metal and bimetal catalysts.
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