Abstract
BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (ECV) and bone extracellular matrix (ECM) have beneficial effects on the treatment of some pathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to find the synergic effects of decellularized bone (DB) ECM and ECVs on the repair of rabbit.MethodsThe quality of decellularized sheep bones was confirmed by H&E, Hoechst, DNA quantification, immunohistochemistry, histochemical staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Osteoblast-derived ECVs were evaluated by internalization test, Transmission electron microscopy, Dynamic light scattering, and flow cytometry for CD9, CD63, CD81 markers. The hydrogel containing DB and hydroxyapatite (HA) with or without ECVs was evaluated for osteoblast functions and bone repair both in vitro and in vivo.ResultsThe data indicated ECM preservation after decellularization as well as cell depletion. In vitro assessments revealed that mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activity did not improve after treatment of MG63 cells by ECVs, while in vivo morphomatrical estimations showed synergic effects of ECVs and DB + HA hydrogels on increasing the number of bone-specific cells and vessel and bone area compared to the control, DB + HA and ECV-treated groups.ConclusionsThe DB enriched with ECVs can be an ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering and may provide a suitable niche for bone cell migration and differentiation.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (ECV) and bone extracellular matrix (ECM) have beneficial effects on the treat‐ ment of some pathological conditions
HA is considered as a useful biomaterial in bone tissue engineering, it has several limitations, including low mechanical properties and fragility [12]
A significant increase in viable cells in various conditions was recorded compared to the matched groups after days three and seven (P < 0.01) that indicated the scaffolds were not toxic and protected the cell proliferation
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (ECV) and bone extracellular matrix (ECM) have beneficial effects on the treat‐ ment of some pathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to find the synergic effects of decellularized bone (DB) ECM and ECVs on the repair of rabbit. Bone defect repairing is one of the major challenges in regenerative medicine. Since bone tissue contains inorganic and organic phases, the scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications are usually fabricated from both mineral and organic biomaterials [10]. HA is a resorbable bioactive mineral with osteoconductive and osteointegrative properties to promote bone repair. HA is considered as a useful biomaterial in bone tissue engineering, it has several limitations, including low mechanical properties and fragility [12]. HA is used to fabricate bone scaffold in comparison with the other synthetic or natural biomaterials
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