Syncytiotrophoblast basal membrane-derived exosomes increase NO generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Abstract

Rhenium and molybdenum are valuable metals present in the earth's crust in very low concentration and are increasingly used in industry thanks to their multiple properties, but due to the harmful aspects of the production process, there is a need to develop systems of concentration or purification of salts of these elements. For this work a PEG/Na2MoO4 aqueous two phase system (ATPS) was used for the partition of ReO4- anion. By using a central composite design, the effects of PEG concentration, sodium molybdate concentration, temperature, pH and their possible interaction on the partition coefficient were studied, also to estimate the optimal configuration of the factors that influence the process. At the same time, experimental density, sound velocity and isentropic compressibility were also obtained for top and bottom phases. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the partition of ReO4− anion using the ATPS formed by PEG and Na2MoO4 were 14.7 wt% PEG 4000, 16.3 wt% Na2MoO4, 35 °C and pH 6. For these conditions, the partition coefficient (K) obtained was up to 17.8 ± 0.78. The order of factors with high significance on the partition coefficient was: Na2MoO4 concentration > PEG concentration > temperature > pH > interaction between Na2MoO4 and PEG concentrations; the effect of these parameters mainly is related with the speciation, salting-out effect and hydrophobicity. The influence of these factors on the density, and sound velocity of the top phase was minimal, unlike its influence on the properties of the bottom phase, not isentropic compressibility and effect of PEG and Na2MoO4 concentrations on sound velocity. The evaluation of the partitioning behavior was made by experimental design, applying statistical regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The statistical models for partition coefficient and for phase densities (and the other properties) as function of parameters with significant effects were obtained, and also a good correlation between experimental and correlated data was observed (R-Squared = 0.9379, ReO4− partition coefficient; 0.9882, bottom phase; and 0.9836 upper phase). This work is oriented to the possible application in stripping of a top phase provided for a co-extraction of rhenium and molybdenum by ATPS in acidic media or in solutions with high contend of Mo such as those provided by pressure oxidative leaching of molybdenite in basic media.