Abstract
Recently, physical-layer network coding (PNC) attracts much attention due to its ability to improve throughput in relay-aided communications. However, the implementation of PNC is still a work in progress, and synchronization is a significant and difficult issue. This paper investigates the feasibility of synchronous PNC with M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). We first propose a synchronization scheme for PNC. Then, we analyze the synchronization errors and overhead of potential synchronization techniques, which includes phase-locked loop (PLL) and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) based synchronization schemes. Their effects on the average symbol error rate and the goodput are subsequently discussed. Based on the analysis, we perform numerical evaluations and reveal that synchronous PNC can outperform conventional network coding (CNC) even when taking synchronization errors and overhead into account. The theoretical throughput gain of PNC over CNC can be approached when using the MLE based synchronization method with optimized training sequence length. The results in this paper provide some insights and benchmarks for the implementation of synchronous PNC.
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