Abstract

The regeneration of osteochondral defects is challenging due to the complex structure of the osteochondral unit. This study aimed to develop a biomimetic scaffold by loading growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and incorporating them into polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds to promote synchronized osteochondral regeneration. The nanoparticles were successfully immobilized onto PCL scaffolds pre-modified with polydopamine (PDA) to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation. The scaffolds exhibited a sustained release of GH and IGF-1 over 30 days. In vitro studies using rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) showed that the GH/IGF-1 nanoparticle-loaded scaffolds (PCL/PDA/M-PLGA) significantly promoted cell proliferation, chondrogenic differentiation, and osteogenic differentiation compared to control PCL/PDA scaffolds. In vivo experiments using a rabbit osteochondral defect model revealed that the PCL/PDA/M-PLGA scaffolds facilitated superior osteochondral regeneration, evidenced by increased subchondral bone formation and cartilage matrix deposition. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of GH/IGF-1 nanoparticle-loaded PCL scaffolds for synchronized osteochondral regeneration and provides a promising strategy for treating osteochondral defects.

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