Synchronized activating therapeutic nano-agent: Enhancement and tracing for hypoxia-induced chemotherapy

Abstract

Prodrug is a potential regime to overcome serious adverse events and off-target effects of chemotherapy agents. Among various prodrug activators, hypoxia stands out owing to the generalizability and prominence in tumor micro-environment. However, existing hypoxia activating prodrugs generally face the limitations of stringent structural requirements, the lack of feedback and the singularity of therapeutic modality, which is imputed to the traditional paradigm that recognition groups must be located at the terminus of prodrugs. Herein, a multifunctional nano-prodrug Mal@Cy-NTR-CB has been designed. In this nano-prodrug, a self-destructive tether is introduced to break the mindset, and achieves the activation by hypoxia of chemotherapy based on Chlorambucil (CB), whose efficacy can be augmented and traced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence from Cyanine dyes (Cy). In addition, Maleimide (Mal) carried by the nano-shells can regulate glutathione (GSH) content, preventing 1O2 scavenging, so as to realize PDT sensitization. Experiments demonstrate that Mal@Cy-NTR-CB specifically responds to hypoxic tumors, and achieve synchronous activation, enhancement and feedback of chemotherapy and PDT, inhibiting the tumor growth effectively. This study broadens the design ideas of activatable prodrugs and provides the possibility of multifunctional nano-prodrugs to improve the generalization and prognosis in precision oncology.