Abstract
We describe society as an out-of-equilibrium probabilistic system: in it, individuals occupy resource states and produce entropy over definite time periods. The resulting thermodynamics are however unusual, because a second entropy, , measures inequality or diversity―a typically social feature―in the distribution of available resources. A symmetry phase transition takes place at Gini values , where realistic distributions become asymmetric. Four constraints act on : and , and new ones, diversity and interactions between individuals; the latter are determined by the coordinates of a single point in the data, the peak. The occupation number of a job is either zero or one, suggesting Fermi–Dirac statistics for employment. Contrariwise, an indefinite number of individuals can occupy a state defined as a quantile of income or of age, so Bose–Einstein statistics may be required. Indistinguishability rather than anonymity of individuals and resources is thus needed. Interactions between individuals define classes of equivalence that happen to coincide with acceptable definitions of social classes or periods in human life. The entropy is non-extensive and obtainable from data. Theoretical laws are compared to empirical data in four different cases of economic or physiological diversity. Acceptable fits are found for all of them.
Highlights
In previous papers [1,2], we fitted Lorenz inequality curves [3]—non-thermodynamic quantities at first sight—with a simple model of social entropy
Produce and consume, and we describe them here as nonequilibrium, interacting, entropy producing and asymmetrically distributed statistical systems with a large number of degrees of freedom
Since asymmetric distributions and Gini values above 1/3 do exist, a symmetry change—a phase transition—must take place, which is expected to be at Gi = 1/3
Summary
In previous papers [1,2], we fitted Lorenz inequality curves [3]—non-thermodynamic quantities at first sight—with a simple model of social entropy. A very particular case is equal resources, that is, a δ-function distribution law, usually taken as a reference state for Lorenz curves. Since asymmetric distributions and Gini values above 1/3 do exist, a symmetry change—a phase transition—must take place, which is expected to be at Gi = 1/3 Experimental evidence supports these results: Figure 3 in reference [25], dealing with size distributions of beer bubbles, shows a great number of Gini coefficients above 0.33, and none below, showing that symmetric distributions are unlikely. Coincidence of economical and statistical approaches reinforces the present one
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