Symmetrical and unsymmetrical squaraine sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells: present day advances and future challenges

Abstract

The requirement for energy is ever increasing in the past few years due to the need for the innovation of clean energy and eco-friendly technologies. Symmetric and asymmetric squaraine dyes have received increasing attention and great potential for use as squaraine sensitizers for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). This review article gives a synopsis of the advancements on squaraine sensitizers in the domain of DSSC and the chance used to enhance their overall energy conversion efficiency. Specifically, the primary factors in charge of the low values of open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) are debated in detail. Future orientations in research and expanded absorptions of near infrared region (NIR) by development of organic substances and their applications are suggested from a personal point of view.