Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to review of six recent symmetric mapping functions. The mapping function can be largely used for GPS meteorological measurements, InSAR atmospheric corrections and precise measurements of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). These spacebased techniques use radio signal that propagate through the Earth's atmosphere. The electrically-neutral region, predominantly the troposphere, affects the speed and direction of travel of radio waves leading to existence of excess path. The mapping function models the elevation angle dependence of the delay. Within the past decade, significant improvements have been achieved in order to use of Numerical Weather Models (NWM) for geodetic positioning. Ray-tracing algorithms have been performed through refractivity shells retrieved from NWMs in order to relate zenith delays to slant delays. Therefore, there seems to be a real need for deep review of recent developments in the mapping function domain. This paper proposes a comprehensive review of the symmetric mapping functions state of the art, their spatio-temporal variations and used NWM and generic models. Niell Mapping Function (NMF), Vienna Mapping Function (VMF1), University of New Brunswick-VMF1 (UNB-VMF1) mapping functions, Global Mapping Function (GMF) and Global Pressure and Temperature (GPT2)/GMF are reviewed in this paper.
Highlights
Space geodetic technologies such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and InSAR technique are widely used tool for making very precise geodetic measurements and mapping numerous geophysical phenomena on Earth
Global Positioning System (GPS) stations offer to provide total water column at high quality under all weather conditions with high temporal resolution which has been well-known as GPS meteorology (Emardson et al, 1998; Niell et al, 2001)
The refractive index of a parcel of moist air is unlike from unity because its constituents experience polarization induced by the electromagnetic field of the radio signals (Mendez, 1999)
Summary
Space geodetic technologies such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and InSAR technique are widely used tool for making very precise geodetic measurements and mapping numerous geophysical phenomena on Earth. Global Positioning System (GPS) stations offer to provide total water column at high quality under all weather conditions with high temporal resolution which has been well-known as GPS meteorology (Emardson et al, 1998; Niell et al, 2001) These space-based techniques use radio signal that propagate through the Earth's atmosphere. If a flat earth and a constant refractivity are assumed, the bending will be zero In this case, the neutral-atmosphere propagation delay at any elevation angle ሺߝሻ can be computed by:. These mapping functions assume symmetry of the neutral atmosphere. It means the models do not encompass azimuth dependence in their parameterization. Five recent mapping functions that are used for propagation delay will be outlined in details
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