Abstract

Extract International Phonetic Alphabet The following symbols are used in the text when a pronunciation must be described precisely. The boldface parts of the words beside each symbol illustrate the sound; more precise definitions can be found in chapter 6, “Phonetics.” Unless otherwise noted, the keywords are to be given current standard American pronunciations. The phonetic symbols used here are those of the International Phonetic Association (IPA). This is the standard transcription system for linguistic work as well as for popular reference sources such as Wiktionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/. Further information about this phonetic alphabet is available in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/handbook-ipa). When these symbols are used, they are enclosed in square brackets. For example, “the word bathe is pronounced [beð]” or “the sound [ʒ] occurs at the end of the word rouge.” ... Many North Americans do not distinguish [a] and [ɒ] in their speech, so that hock and hawk sound alike. In addition to these symbols based on letters, we also use the following characters:

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