Abstract
PurposeSymbolic plants and animals are recognised as a cultural ecosystem service (CES), which is still underrepresented in ecosystem services assessments. Thus, this study aims at identifying and mapping important symbolic species in the European Alps, which are of cultural significance to large parts of the Alpine population.MethodsSymbolic species were identified by ten expert groups, and their use was assessed in a qualitative way. The spatial distribution of all species across the Alpine Space area was mapped at the municipality level. Through hotspots analysis, we identified spatial patterns in the distribution of species. Spearman correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between symbolic species and selected environmental and social variables.ResultsTen species were identified (edelweiss, gentian, alpenrose, larch, pine, Alpine ibex, chamois, marmot, brown bear, and golden eagle) that are widely used for symbolic representations, i.e., depiction on flags, emblems, logos, and naming of hotels and brands. Hotspots of symbolic species were found in several locations in the European Alps and could be related to high elevation, steep slopes, open land cover, and naturalness.ConclusionsThis study proposes a methodology to map and assess symbolic species as a CES. As the spatial distribution of symbolic species depends on environmental characteristics and human activities, our results provide important insights for landscape planning and management. However, it remains unclear whether associated cultural values depend on the presence of the species and further research is needed to understand the relationships between the distribution of symbolic species and social benefits.
Highlights
Plant and animal species are incorporated in many ways in human culture representing religious, social and political beliefs as well as society’s values (Castells 2011)
As the spatial distribution of symbolic species depends on environmental characteristics and human activities, our results provide important insights for landscape planning and management
It remains unclear whether associated cultural values depend on the presence of the species and further research is needed to understand the relationships between the distribution of symbolic species and social benefits
Summary
Plant and animal species are incorporated in many ways in human culture representing religious, social and political beliefs as well as society’s values (Castells 2011). They contribute to the shaping of peoples’ emotions, experiences, thoughts, values, and cultural identity (Kellert and Wilson 1995). Plants and animals can hold a great symbolic value for a particular place through social and political developments, representing the cultural identity and heritage of the people at the local, regional, or national level, and are recognisable to people from other places (Forristal et al 2014; Urbanik 2012). After its reintroduction during the last century, it is admired for its strength and wiriness and symbolises the Alps with their steep slopes and harsh environmental conditions
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