Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) achieved clinical efficacy across various types of advanced cancer. Blocking antibodies against programmed death1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) leads to robust local tumor control and durable response in some patients with tumors that are refractory to standard treatments. In the previous studies, about 20% of patients might obtain this durable response whereas the others became resistant to ICIs and experienced progressive disease. In the era of precision medicine, the development of biomarkers is required to maximize the clinical benefit from ICIs treatments and minimize unnecessary toxicities in unresponsive patients.
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