Switching the enantioselectivity in catalytic [4 + 1] cycloadditions by changing the metal center: principles of inverting the stereochemical preference of an asymmetric catalysis revealed by DFT calculations.

Abstract

The mechanisms of the asymmetric [4 + 1] carbocyclization of vinylallenes with carbon monoxide catalyzed by Pt(0) and Rh(I) carrying the chiral support ligand (R,R)-Me-DuPHOS (Me-DuPHOS = 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethylphosphorano)benzene) were studied using density functional theoretical models. Previously, it was observed that the (R)-stereoisomer of the 5-substituted 2-alkylidene-3-cyclopentenone products was obtained with Pt(0), but the (S)-enantiomer was formed when Rh(I) metal was used to promote the reaction. Our calculations suggest that the rate-determining step in both cases consists of a C-C coupling between the vinyl end of the vinylallene substrate and carbon monoxide that is accompanied by charge transfer from the metal center to the organic substrate. The reason that the two metals give different enantiomer products lies in the very different geometries of the metal centers in the transition state. The platinum center adopts a square-planar geometry throughout the C-C coupling reaction, which forces the carbonyl to migrate from the metastable, pseudoaxial position into the equatorial plane. During this migration, the carbonyl encounters the spatial constraints caused by the asymmetric DuPHOS ligand, while the vinylallene fragment is pushed away from the metal center. Thus, regardless of the steric demands of the organic substrate, the transition state that places the vinyl in a position that allows the CO to move into the sterically less crowded side of the molecule is preferred. Rh, on the other hand, maintains a square-pyramidal geometry throughout the reaction, keeping the CO ligand at the axial coordination site. The C-C coupling is accomplished by pulling the vinylallene substate closer to the metal and, as a result, the transition state that causes the least amount of steric clashes between the substrate and the DuPHOS ligand is favored, which affords the (S)-enantiomeric product.