Switching from OPV to IPV: are we behind the schedule in Latin America?

Abstract

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been an effective strategy since it was initiated almost five decades ago. However, concern regarding its collateral effects has been increasing in recent years among the scientific and policymaker community, since it has proved to be of risk for immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals by causing cases and even outbreaks of poliomyelitis disease in countries where the virus is not circulating. Enhanced-potency inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), a safer, effective and inexpensive vaccine, has been available for the past couple of decades. Different points of view have emerged regarding stopping the use of OPV to start routine general IPV but, despite the evidence of OPVs derived and associated with unnecessary poliomyelitis cases, Central and South America are still lacking a strategy in place to make the switch from OPV to IPV, and there are no leading efforts to start this strategy. This review gives some evidence-based elements to help raise criteria regarding the best vaccine to choose and highlights the current need for strategic planning in Latin America to avoid more vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis cases.