Abstract

Over the past decade, the relationship between humans and their smartphones have been marked with stark symbiosis. The advent of Bluetooth earbuds has presumably prolonged the amount of time the cell phone resides in the trouser pockets of men. This places the smartphone and its respective radiofrequency - electromagnetic radiation (RF- EMR) near the testicles. RF-EMR has been postulated to increase oxidative stress and induce free radical formation.

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