Abstract
National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) statistics show that the majority of earthquake affected buildings are residential houses, whereas in practice, soil investigation is rarely conducted for residential houses in Indonesia. This study is preliminary work on the prospective of Swedish Weight Sounding (SWST) for liquefaction assessment for residential houses. Material used is poorly graded sand. The number of half turns from SWST (NSW) per meter for very loose and loose clean fine sand ranges from 4 to 168 (equivalent to SPT 0-30). Liquefaction potential was assessed using an indirect method by converting NSW into equivalent NSPT and direct method. In general, the factor of safety obtained from the direct method is more conservative (thus giving lower liquefaction potential index) than the indirect method. Torque measured for material in this study ranged from 6-54 Nm, equivalent to a specific energy range from 7-70 N/mm2. Liquefaction assessment using SWST data with torque measurement also indicated the soil is liquefiable. SWST also may be able to detect sand ageing. In summary SWS has a good prospect as a highly portable and low cost investigation tool for liquefaction assessment of residential houses in Indonesia.
Highlights
BNPB [1] shows that, from 1900-2017, earthquake is the deadliest natural disaster in Indonesia
The common soil investigation tests used in Indonesia are Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and mechanical Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
This research is a preliminary work regarding the use of Swedish Weight Sounding (SWST) as prospective highly portable and low cost (HP-LC) soil investigation tools for liquefaction assessment of residential houses in Indonesia
Summary
BNPB [1] shows that, from 1900-2017, earthquake is the deadliest natural disaster in Indonesia. BNPB statistics reveal that earthquake is the most damaging natural disaster, accounting for more than 70% of damaged houses (Fig. 1). The Palu earthquake in 28 September 2018 with magnitude of 7.4 and 10 km depth revealed another damaging aspect of earthquakes to be a ground damage i.e. liquefaction. Liquefaction has been observed during past earthquakes in Indonesia, the damaging level of the liquefaction in Palu earthquake was unprecedented. Liquefaction caused damage to infrastructure and thousands of houses, it caused thousands of fatalities which did not happen in the previous liquefaction events. It can be seen that liquefaction occurs following large magnitude earthquakes but have happened in the event of earthquakes with magnitude as low as 5
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