Abstract
Disturbances of the swallowing process can occur at any age and might lead to choking. However, the risk of dysphagia increases with advanced age. This is not only due to a higher incidence of diseases that cause dysphagia, but also to age-related changes in the mechanisms of swallowing. Aging affects all of the anatomic structures involved in the swallowing process. Important changes include limitations to mastication, delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex, expansion of pharyngeal structures, prolonged pharyngeal propulsion, loss of pharyngeal sensitivity, increased rigidity of the esophageal wall and reduced esophageal contractility. Changes in swallowing function caused by aging alone are termed presbyphagia. If these changes are so severe that their compensation is no longer possible, presbydysphagia occurs. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes it is mandatory to evaluate presbyphagic and presbydysphagic changes in the swallowing process, and to distinguish these from other non-age-related causes of dysphagia.
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