Abstract
Aim of the present paper was to develop a test on Swadhyaya (Self-study) defined in Indian philosophical and religious scriptures. The study was conducted in two phases; 150 participants (M =133 and F= 17) with age range=17-54 yrs. (M = 21.43 yrs., & SD= 6.79) in the pilot study and 491 participants (Male= 310 & Female =181) with 18 – 70 years age range (M=32.16 yrs. & SD= 10.92) in the main study. Three factors solution was finalized through exploratory factor analysis; Study of Scriptures, Self-introspection and Self-discipline with 55.74 % of total variance. Scale of Positive and Negative Experiences and Flourishing Scale (SPANE & FS,Diener et. al., 2010) and Sukha- Dukha scale (Singh, Raina and Sahni, 2016) were used to establish concurrent validity. The scale was found psychometrically robust with high internal consistency (α=0.79) and acceptable concurrent validity as significant positive correlations of Swadhyaya and its factors with Sukha, SPANE-P and FS were obtained.
Highlights
Aim of the present paper was to develop a test on Swadhyaya (Self-study) defined in Indian philosophical and religious scriptures
We develop a scale to measure Swadhyaya and to study its validity by using various well-being (WB) tests such as sukha – dukha scale based on Indian philosophical/religious WB concept (Singh, Raina and Sahni, 2016), flourishing scale and negative and positive experience scales (Diener et al 2010)
The percentage of missing values was under 5% and random in nature
Summary
Aim of the present paper was to develop a test on Swadhyaya (Self-study) defined in Indian philosophical and religious scriptures. It develops patience and perseverance and helps one get rid of negative habits This disciplines oneself towards forgoing immediate gratification, to achieve greater and more satisfying goals in the long run (Sasson, 2016; Mischel, Cantor and Feldman, 1996), often defined as self –control- an ability to inhibit or overrule immediate urges to attain a long term goal (Carver & Scheier, 1981, 1982; De Ridder, Lensvelt-Mulders, Finkenauer, Stok, & Baumeister, 2012; Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Vohs & Baumeister, 2004). We develop a scale to measure Swadhyaya and to study its validity by using various well-being (WB) tests such as sukha – dukha scale based on Indian philosophical/religious WB concept (Singh, Raina and Sahni, 2016) , flourishing scale and negative and positive experience scales (Diener et al 2010). It was hypothesized that Swadhyaya and its factors would be positively correlated with Sukha, positive experiences and flourishing and negatively correlated with negative experiences and Dukha
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