Abstract
The glyoxylate cycle is a sequence of anaplerotic reactions catalyzed by the key enzymes isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MLS). Mutants of Candida albicans lacking ICL are markedly less virulent in mice than the wild-type. Suvanine sesterterpenes (1−9) isolated from a tropical sponge Coscinoderma sp. were evaluated for their inhibitory activities toward recombinant ICL from C. albicans. These studies led to the identification of a potent ICL inhibitor, suvanine salt (2), which possesses a sodium counterion and displays an inhibitory concentration value (IC50) of 6.35 μM. The growth phenotype of ICL deletion mutants and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses indicated that compound 2 inhibits the ICL mRNA expression in C. albicans under C2-carbon-utilizing conditions. The present data highlight the potential for suvanine sesterterpenes treatment of C. albicans infections via inhibition of ICL activity.
Highlights
Because of the increasing scale and complexity of sensor systems, large amounts of data are being collected, such as medical records, bioinformatics and aircraft health information
Dramatic improvements in the price and capacity of multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memory have been achieved by technological advances, such as the aggressive shrinking of process geometry and an increase in the number of bits stored in each memory cell
The Zynq on-board sensor system is a typical sensor system which includes on-board sensors and a dual 12-bit, 1 Mega sample per second (MSPS) Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) as shown in Figure 10b [40]
Summary
Because of the increasing scale and complexity of sensor systems, large amounts of data are being collected, such as medical records, bioinformatics and aircraft health information. Dramatic improvements in the price and capacity of MLC NAND flash memory have been achieved by technological advances, such as the aggressive shrinking of process geometry and an increase in the number of bits stored in each memory cell. These technological advances inevitably degrade the reliability of MLC NAND flash memory. FTL maintains the address mapping table [5,23,24,25,26], conducts garbage collection operations [27], manages the bad blocks [28], and balances the wear leveling [29] of NAND flash memory. Most of the current FTL designs are based on SLC NAND flash memory storage systems. Block-level FTL and some of the hybrid-level FTLs use the block offset to locate the pages within a block, and the pages may be programmed randomly within a block [30], but for MLC NAND flash memory, programming physical pages with the “out-of-order”
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