Abstract
The purpose of this study was to achieve a sustained release of hydrophilic l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (ASP) from electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds, so as to promote the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells for bone tissue engineering (TE). ASP was loaded and electrospun together with PCL via three electrospinning techniques, i.e., coaxial, emulsion, and blend electrospinning. For blend electrospinning, binary solvent systems of dichloromethane–methanol (DCM–MeOH) and dichloromethane–dimethylformamide (DCM–DMF) were used to achieve the desired ASP release through the effect of solvent polarity and volatility. The scaffold prepared via a blend electrospinning technique with a binary solvent system of DCM–MeOH at a 7:3 ratio demonstrated a desirable, sustained ASP release profile for as long as two weeks, with minimal burst release. However, an undesirable burst release (~100%) was observed within the first 24 h for scaffolds prepared by coaxial electrospinning. Scaffolds prepared by emulsion electrospinning displayed poorer mechanical properties. Sustained releasing blend electrospun scaffold could be a good potential candidate as an ASP-eluting scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Autologous bone grafts are often the gold standard for reconstructing bone defects after injury or tumor resection
We investigated the feasibility of achieving sustained release of acid 2-phosphate magnesium (ASP) through different electrospinning techniques, namely blend, emulsion and coaxial electrospinning
Due to the hydrophilic nature and low molecular weight, long term controlled release of ASP at the desired daily release amount (~20 μM/per day) from a hydrophobic matrix remains a challenge to date
Summary
Autologous bone grafts are often the gold standard for reconstructing bone defects after injury or tumor resection. A critical factor for bone TE materials is the possession of good mechanical properties, while having the ability to provide a temporal and spatial presentation of growth factors and osteogenic supplements. In order to effectively trigger osteogenesis and bone remodeling, growth factors or supplements have to be loaded into these scaffolds and released in a timely and controlled manner. Jabbari et al demonstrated sustained releasing rhBMP2 could have higher osteopontin expression level in bone mesenchymal stem cells compared to the direction of rhBMP2 (a 4-fold increase within 21 days of culture) [3]. In order to promote proper bone healing, a good delivery scaffold should release supplements adequately and sustainably at a desirable rate and profile, whereby 40–400 ng/mL is required over three weeks
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