Abstract
In zebrafish developmentally exposed to ambient ethanol (20mM-50mM) 1–9 days post fertilization (dpf), the cortisol response to stress has been shown to be significantly attenuated in larvae, juveniles and 6 month old adults. These data are somewhat at variance with similar studies in mammals, which often show heightened stress responses. To test whether these cortisol data correlate with behavioural changes in treated animals, anxiety-like behaviour of zebrafish larvae (9dpf and 10dpf) and juveniles (23dpf) was tested in locomotor assays designed to this end. In open field tests treated animals were more exploratory, spending significantly less time at the periphery of the arena. Behavioural effects of developmental exposure to ethanol were sustained in 6-month-old adults, as judged by assessment of thigmotaxis, novel tank diving and scototaxis. Like larvae and juveniles, developmentally treated adults were generally more exploratory, and spent less time at the periphery of the arena in thigmotaxis tests, less time at the bottom of the tank in the novel tank diving tests, and less time in the dark area in scototaxis tests. The conclusion that ethanol-exposed animals showed less anxiety-like behaviour was validated by comparison with the effects of diazepam treatment, which in thigmotaxis and novel tank diving tests had similar effects to ethanol pretreatment. There is thus a possible link between the hypophyseal-pituitary-interrenal axis and the behavioural actions of developmental ethanol exposure. The mechanisms require further elucidation.
Highlights
The damaging effects of ethanol exposure during development in humans have been amply described, and its subsequent behavioural consequences, are part of a range of symptoms collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder [1]
For characterization of the effects of diazepam on novel tank diving, zebrafish were pre-incubated in 5mg/l diazepam for 6 minutes prior to transfer to the novel tank environment
Zebrafish 9dpf larvae acutely exposed to diazepam (0.1mg/L) exhibited reduced time spent at the edge of wells (Fig 1G and 1H)
Summary
The damaging effects of ethanol exposure during development in humans have been amply described, and its subsequent behavioural consequences, are part of a range of symptoms collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder [1]. Some of these symptoms, like growth and facial defects, are apparent at an early age [2,3]. Others become clear in later life, for example children from alcoholic mothers are more likely to become drug addicts in adolescence or in adulthood, and may develop personality and psychotic disorders [4,5].
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