Sustainable synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles from carbon dioxide and aromatic amines over heterogeneous catalysts

Abstract

• Construction of important N -heterocycles from CO 2 and aromatic amines under heterogeneous condition is described. • Development of novel materials as active and recyclable catalysts is presented. Detailed mechanistic descriptions on the catalytic fixation of CO 2 to N -heterocyclic frameworks are discussed. • Outlook and challenges in heterogeneous catalysis for the conversion of CO 2 into N -heterocycles are briefly analyzed. Today, heterogeneous catalysis appears to be a powerful tool in the domain of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) utilization owing to its outstanding activity and recyclability. In this context, numerous novel heterogeneous catalysts for the transformation of CO 2 and aromatic amines towards nitrogen heterocycles have been fabricated. Herein, a highlighted overview on the eco-friendly construction of CO 2 -based heterocyclic frameworks under heterogeneous condition is introduced. In addition, the mechanistic pathways on catalytic fixation of CO 2 are also delineated to clarify the crucial role of active sites on these solid catalysts.