Abstract
In this research, four industrial wastes were used for up to 80% as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cement mortar systems: ground granulated blast furnace slag, electric arc furnace slag, basic oxygen furnace slag, and waste limestone powder. Quaternary cementitious blends were prepared and studied for up to 120days. Workability, compressive strength, durability, microstructures, and sustainability studies were performed and compared with Portland cement references. Results showed that more than 30MPa in compressive strength can be achieved by > 50% replacement with SCMs; only 9% below the reference. Neither H2SO4 nor MgSO4 attacks resulted in critical damages; nevertheless, curing under NaCl solution showed detrimental behavior. C-S-H with a low Ca/Si ratio was identified in the mortars as the main hydration product, possibly intermixed with stratlingite, C-A-S-H and/or hydrotalcite. Environmental impact for the blended cements was determined as the CO2eq. factor from a simple life cycle assessment. The embodied greenhouse gasses varied in 260.2-541.4kg CO2eq./ton of binder depending on the formulation. This was 40-70% less than Portland cement (922.6kg CO2eq./ton). The production of the raw materials dominated the polluting emissions, while freight, grinding, and sieving had little environmental impact.
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