Abstract
ABSTRACT: Two chemical treatments, five enzymatic (pectinase, lipase, hemicellulase, hemicellulose-cellulase or lipase-pectinase) and one microbiological (Bacillus subtilis) treatment were evaluated to obtain glucosamine hydrochloride (Gluc-HCl) from the chitin obtained from crab (Callinectes bellicosus) exoskeletons. Chemical treatments were referred as Method A (HCl hydrolysis during 75 min at 90°C) and Method B (HCl hydrolysis during 20 min and 14 h of rest). Glucosamine and, in some cases, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were identified and quantified by HPLC. Treatments with the greater concentrations of Gluc-HCl in descending order were: lipase (94.4 mg/g), microbiological (45.7 mg/g), lipase-pectinase (22.9 mg/g), hemicellulase-cellulase (20.9 mg/g), hemicellulase (15.3 mg/g), pectinase (10.7 mg/g), Chemical A (7.3mg/g) and Chemical B (7.3mg/g). In terms of yield, the best treatments in descending order were: pectinase (94%), microbiological (94%), hemicellulase (92%), lipase (91%), Chemical B (88%), lipase-pectinase (88%), hemicellulase-cellulase (86%) and Chemical A (28.5%). The two most profound treatments were lipase and microbiological, so they are proposed as part of a viable method to produce Gluc-HCl from crab exoskeletons; they are ecofriendly procedures and could add value to the crab´s productive chain.
Highlights
Each year, approximately 100 trillion tons of chitin are produced in nature (FAKHRAD & RENGIN, 2018; ELIEH-ALIKOMI & HAMBLIM, 2016), representing an appropriate biomass resource for the production of glucosamine (SIBI et al, 2013)
Two chemical treatments, five enzymatic and one microbiological (Bacillus subtilis) treatment were evaluated to obtain glucosamine hydrochloride (Gluc-HCl) from the chitin obtained from crab (Callinectes bellicosus) exoskeletons
Chemical treatments were referred as Method A (HCl hydrolysis during 75 min at 90°C) and Method B (HCl hydrolysis during 20 min and 14 h of rest)
Summary
Approximately 100 trillion tons of chitin are produced in nature (FAKHRAD & RENGIN, 2018; ELIEH-ALIKOMI & HAMBLIM, 2016), representing an appropriate biomass resource for the production of glucosamine (SIBI et al, 2013). The crab-processing industry generates waste or byproducts (approximately 50% of processed raw material) that in some regions create problems regarding collection, disposal and environmental contamination (SHAHIDI & SYNOWIECKI, 1991; XU et al, 2008). These regions include the northwest of Mexico, where the by-products generated (exoskeletons mainly) by the crab-processing industry (Callinectes bellicosus) are not harvested; they represent an excellent source of chitin from which glucosamine can be extracted and with this add more value to the crab-production chain. It has been commercialized in the form of glucosamine hydrochloride (Gluc-HCl), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucosamine sulfate without observing differences in the effectiveness of these forms of presentation and having an extensive market around the world (HENROTIN et al, 2012)
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