Sustainable Production and In vitro Biodegradability of Edible Films from Yellow Passion Fruit Coproducts via Continuous Casting

Abstract

Edible films made up of yellow passion fruit (YPF) rind and pectin as a matrix-forming agent are proposed as a means of valorizing passion fruit processing wastes. YPF films were produced at pilot-scale using continuous casting from aqueous formulations covering pectin/rind and water/pulp mass ratios of 100/0–0/100. YPF films were successfully obtained with systematic, tunable yellowish coloration and were achieved at an optimal temperature of 120 °C, leading to a drying time of 7 min and productivity of 0.03 m2 film min–1. YPF pulp is found to plasticize the pectin matrix of the films and thus can replace glycerol or other synthetic plasticizers. Films with the largest rind content (50 wt %) showed mechanical strength comparable to that of PVC cling film (9 vs 5 MPa). The biodegradable, renewable character of YPF films was demonstrated upon exposure to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,, and Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, a nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium.