Abstract
The vision of the smart city is inextricably linked with the concepts of intelligent transport, sustainable mobility and managerial decision making. Cities of the future not only entail the use of new technology, but also increasingly the interpenetration of technological and social aspects, with the simultaneous involvement of urban space users in the creation of such technologies. This provides an opportunity to introduce desired changes and create a more balanced space with a higher quality of life and improved energy efficiency. The article discusses the concepts of sustainable development and sustainable mobility with a particular emphasis on issues related to the smart city. The authors reviewed the various smart city solutions that have been implemented in the field of urban transport in Cracow, whose authorities have taken steps over the last few years to make the city smarter and more modern. The aim of the research was to assess the contribution made by smart city solutions to improving the attractiveness and reliability of public transport in Poland’s second-largest city. The undoubted added value of this analysis is the application of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method to evaluate the implemented solutions. It should be pointed out that such an analysis constitutes a new approach in this area. Until now, these models have been used to assess consumer behavior. The results showed that some of the implemented intelligent solutions increase the attractiveness of public transport in Cracow, but this does not square with users’ assessment of reliability. According to users, ecological solutions have no impact on the attractiveness of public transport. Nor do conveniences such as bus lanes, giving priority to public transport vehicles at intersections, and adjusting traffic light regulation to traffic volume, have a positive impact on perceptions of public transport as a reliable means of getting around the city. The results may be of particular importance for the city’s authorities and other stakeholders engaged in strategic activities and the building of a city of the future.
Highlights
Introduction iationsThe nineteenth century belonged to the Great Powers, the twentieth century was the age of nations, but the twenty-first century will be dominated by cities [1], which in a rapidly changing world have become important sources of competitiveness [2] as well as financial and economic benefits [3]
The most popular method for addressing the categorical nature of the data is the diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) estimator based on the polychoric correlation matrix [133]
In order to estimate the parameters of the defined model, the authors used the WLSM estimator in the lavaan package, which employs the diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) method to estimate model parameters by means of a full weight matrix to compute robust standard errors, as well as a mean- and variance-adjusted test statistic [134]
Summary
Introduction iationsThe nineteenth century belonged to the Great Powers, the twentieth century was the age of nations, but the twenty-first century will be dominated by cities [1], which in a rapidly changing world have become important sources of competitiveness [2] as well as financial and economic benefits [3]. The smart city is one of the main trends of the fourth industrial revolution [4]. The implementation of the concept of the smart city, taking into account the assumptions of sustainable development and transport, is an important factor in the development of Revolution 4.0. Smart City Strategies provide space for innovation and greater participation by citizens and civil society [5]. Changes in this direction are desirable [6], given the problems faced by modern cities. Progressive urbanization, the availability of passenger cars, demographic and socio-economic changes [3,7,8], the degradation of central areas, urban congestion, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
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