Abstract
This paper proposes a new sustainable and simple strategy for the micro-scale extraction of phenolic compounds from grapevine leaves with analytical purpose. The method is based on a microwave-assisted solid-liquid extraction approach (MA-SLE), using an aqueous solution of an ionic liquid (IL)-based surfactant as extraction phase. The method does not require organic solvents, nor any clean-up step, apart from filtration prior to the injection in the analytical system. Two IL-based surfactants were evaluated, and the method was optimized by using experimental designs, resulting in the use of small amounts of sample (100 mg) and extraction phase (2.25 mL), low concentrations of the selected 1-hexadecyl-3-butyl imidazolium bromide IL (0.1 mM), and 30 min of extraction time. The proposed methodology was applied for the determination of the polyphenolic pattern of six different varieties of Vitis vinifera leaves from the Canary Islands, using high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection for the quantification of the compounds. The proposed MA-SLE approach was greener, simpler, and more effective than other methods, while the results from the analysis of the leaves samples demonstrate that these by-products can be exploited as a source of natural compounds for many applications.
Highlights
Environmental sustainability is nowadays an object of global attention, and regulatory institutions are developing strategies and designing road maps to promote the efficient use of resources, the recovery of biodiversity, and the reduction of waste and pollution, encouraging a Circular Economy approach [1]
One of the most important variables to consider when developing the microwave-assisted solid-liquid extraction approach (MA-solid-liquid extraction approaches (SLE)) method is the nature of the ionic liquid (IL)-based surfactant to extract the target compounds
The C10 Gu-Cl IL-based surfactant is characterized by its low cytotoxicity in comparison with conventional surfactants and more common IL-based surfactants containing imidazolium moieties, and this has been demonstrated by cell viability assays [26,27]
Summary
Environmental sustainability is nowadays an object of global attention, and regulatory institutions are developing strategies and designing road maps to promote the efficient use of resources, the recovery of biodiversity, and the reduction of waste and pollution, encouraging a Circular Economy approach [1]. Molecules 2020, 25, 3072 green and renewable sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds for the feed, functional food, and food supplement industries [2,3,4,5,6] In this context, wine production and viticulture represent one of the main and most widespread agro-economic activities, but, at the same time, they produce huge amounts of residues. Acquadro et al [15] showed in 2020 that, thanks to their characteristic phenolic pattern, grapevine leaves and green pruning residues represent a potential source of natural compounds with valuable antioxidant properties To sum up, they could be used as natural antioxidants and functional food ingredients, reducing, at the same time, the environmental impact of viticulture. It is of utmost importance to determine the phenolic profile of these by-products before their exploitation
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
