Abstract
Eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs is a major water quality problem that poses significant environmental, economic and social threats around the world. Monitoring and managing lakes and reservoirs to prevent or limit eutrophication, therefore, has significant value. The literature has been reviewed to study ecological engineering and management methods that have been and can be applied to improve water quality. Ecological engineering has the potential to be utilized to improve the design and operation of lakes and reservoirs through monitoring and active management of biological, chemical and physical components. Phosphorus concentrations can be reduced by effective and sustainable management practices to improve water quality.
Highlights
This manuscript includes a review of the literature on eutrophication and water quality in lakes and reservoirs [1]-[132].Eutrophication is the increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to a ecosystem because of excess enrichment of nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, within a body of water such as a lake or reservoir [72] [122]
Economic losses can come from loss of recreational fishing and boating opportunities, loss of property value due to aesthetic issues, costs to maintain biodiversity that is impacted by eutrophication and costs related to taste-and-odor problems with drinking water
The mean residence time of water will be smaller which could limit the growth of slow-growing phytoplankton such as cyanobacteria, yet more nutrients and pollutants could be carried into the water body [76] [77]
Summary
This manuscript includes a review of the literature on eutrophication and water quality in lakes and reservoirs [1]-[132]. Economic losses can come from loss of recreational fishing and boating opportunities, loss of property value due to aesthetic issues, costs to maintain biodiversity that is impacted by eutrophication and costs related to taste-and-odor problems with drinking water These result in estimated losses of approximately $2.2 billion a year in the United States alone, and there are factors that are likely being overlooked or underestimated [27]. Ecological engineering and active management of lakes and reservoirs can be justified if we consider social, environmental, and economic variables that citizens view as important including property values, water and air quality, aesthetic value, taste and odor, turbidity, recreational value, health impacts and regulatory requirements [92]. We have attempted to draw on and evaluate the many monitoring and control methods that have been utilized and to make use of the information in development of management plans that can be used or investigated further in future field studies
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