Sustainable Maintenance of Connected Dominating Set by Solar Energy Harvesting for IoT Networks

Abstract

A new scheme, Sustainability in Dominating Set (SID), to construct and maintain a sustainable and adaptive node disjoint weighted connected dominating set (CDS) is presented for solar energy harvesting-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The primary contribution of this work is the design of an approximation algorithm for CDS construction and maintenance in energy harvesting-enabled IoT networks, which is triggered when energy of any CDS node falls below a threshold. This is a new CDS construction approach of approximation ratio <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\frac {\delta w(G) + 1}{2} + (1 + \ln 5) |O_{p}|$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\delta w(G)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$|O_{p}|$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are weighted average degree of the network and optimal number of Steiner nodes, respectively. The extensive simulation results show that per-slot-rotation-based SID (SIDS) improves residual energy (saves by 14.3%, 25.6%, 8.25% and 8%), message complexity (reduces by 88.5%, 34% and 72.75% and 83.25%), and average CDS size (reduces by 9.01%, 9.09%, 41.75%, and 54.5%) for two scenarios and cloud cover 0.25, 0.5 and 0.8, compared to LMW, Improved LMW (ILMW), DataCDS and UCDS, respectively. Merely based on threshold switching, SID enhances residual energy, message complexity, and CDS size by 3.08%, 51.88%, and 4% for all scenarios and cloud covers compared to SIDS, respectively.