Abstract
The future direction of electric vehicle (EV) transportation in relation to the energy demand for charging EVs needs a more sustainable roadmap, compared to the current reliance on the centralised electricity grid system. It is common knowledge that the current state of electricity grids in the biggest economies of the world today suffer a perennial problem of power losses; and were not designed for the uptake and integration of the growing number of large-scale EV charging power demands from the grids. To promote sustainable EV transportation, this study aims to review the current state of research and development around this field. This study is significant to the effect that it accomplishes four major objectives. (1) First, the implication of large-scale EV integration to the electricity grid is assessed by looking at the impact on the distribution network. (2) Secondly, it provides energy management strategies for optimizing plug-in EVs load demand on the electricity distribution network. (3) It provides a clear direction and an overview on sustainable EV charging infrastructure, which is highlighted as one of the key factors that enables the promotion and sustainability of the EV market and transportation sector, re-engineered to support the United Nations Climate Change Agenda. Finally, a conclusion is made with some policy recommendations provided for the promotion of the electric vehicle market and widespread adoption in any economy of the world.
Highlights
EVs are generally classified into the following distinct powertrains, namely battery electric vehicle (BEV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
To maintain the required battery state of charge (SoC) in the CS mode, the intelligent energy management system (IEMS) uses the kinetic energy recovered from the regenerative braking process, and through the help of the electric motor which acts as an electrical generator, energy is restored to the battery to sustain the required SoC [23]
In order to reduce the peak power that will arise from the point of common coupling due to large-scale EV grid integration, Kucevic et al [37] employed the use of linear optimization and time series modelling for the coordination of multiple battery energy storage systems
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Large-scale electric vehicle adoption, batteries, and charging inf structure powered by renewable energy sources (and not fossil fuel-powered plants) w accelerate the transition towards the green industrial evolution within the transportati sector. Large-scale electric vehicle adoption, batteries, and charging infrastructure powered by renewable energy sources (and not fossil fuel-powered plants) will accelerate the transition towards the green industrial evolution within the transportation sector. Engel et al [5], under the auspices of the McKinsey Center for Future Mobility, conducted a similar study which suggested an exponential increase in large-scale electric vehicle adoption, reaching 120 million by 2030, in China, the European Union, and the United States alone.
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