Sustainable Earthquake-Resistant Mixed Multiple Seismic Systems

Abstract

Mixed multiple seismic systems (MMSSs) are ideally suited for sustainable seismic design (SSD). MMSSs are combinations of two or more different earthquake-resisting structures (ERSs) that provide lateral support for gravity frameworks. Same-system combinations have been demonstrated to not be suitable for SSD. Regardless of the carbon footprint reduction, unless a structure has been designed for seismic sustainability it would be disposable with greater harm to the environment. Here, design means planning for both seismic resistance as well as post-earthquake realignment and repair (PERR). Earthquakes are random, natural, and dynamic events, whereas PERR is a deliberate, manual, and static process. In SSD the practicality of PERR is as important as the relevance of the theoretical assumptions. In SSD the non-lateral-resisting items are designed not to partake in seismic resistance, nor hinder the realignment process. Additionally, efforts are made to mitigate the P-delta effects that undermine the global strength of the system and oppose the recentering effort. The purpose of this paper is to identify and remedy design flaws and physical issues that prevent MMSSs from achieving seismic sustainability as cost-effectively as possible. Two newly developed technologies, the ladder moment frame (LMF), and the fail-safe (FS) system, as well as a capacity distribution rule together with six simple axioms are introduced. Brief descriptions of LMF and FS are presented in the text.