Abstract
The production of sustainable diesel without hydrogen addition remains a challenge for low-cost fuel production. In this work, the pyrolysis of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) basic soaps was studied for the production sustainable diesel (bio-hydrocarbons). UFAs were obtained from palm fatty acids distillate (PFAD), which was purified by the fractional crystallization method. Metal hydroxides were used to make basic soap composed of a Ca, Mg, and Zn mixture with particular composition. The pyrolysis reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure and various temperatures from 375 to 475 °C. The liquid products were obtained with the best yield (58.35%) at 425 °C and yield of diesel fraction 53.4%. The fatty acids were not detected in the pyrolysis liquid product. The gas product consisted of carbon dioxide and methane. The liquid products were a mixture of hydrocarbon with carbon chains in the range of C7 and C20 containing n-alkane, alkene, and iso-alkane.
Highlights
Increased energy demand and issues related to environmental concerns constitute a strong reason many countries have chosen to use alternative and renewable energy technologies
The O-H groups indicate that it was basic soap and qualified as pyrolysis feed for biohydrocarbon production
Mixed metal basic soaps were converted to liquid biohydrocarbon by pyrolysis
Summary
Increased energy demand and issues related to environmental concerns constitute a strong reason many countries have chosen to use alternative and renewable energy technologies. Biohydrocarbon or liquid hydrocarbon are renewable fuels derived from any material originating from biological matters [1], including biomass [2], lignocellulose [3], triglycerides, or fatty acids [4,5]. Biofuels represent a carbon dioxide cycle in combustion. They have considerable environmentally friendly potential, and they are biodegradable and contribute to sustainability [6]. A promising biofuel, is made from renewable biological sources, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, by chemically reacting oil or fat with an alcohol (transesterification) in the presence of a homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts [8]. According to Solymosi et al [11], biodiesel, as one of the first generation biofuels, remains proportionally limited when used as a fuel due to the properties of this compound. According to [12], biodiesel contains about 10% oxygen by weight
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
