Abstract
What is the nexus between sustainability and openness? This study employs econometric methods to estimate a neoclassical growth model, considering brown and green growth as two pillars of sustainability, in ten oil-exporting countries during 1990–2012. Based on the results, the nexus is non-linear and U-shaped, depending on the level of openness. From the green growth viewpoint, the current relationship of sustainability with openness is negative in the sample, but it becomes positive in the higher levels of openness. From the brown growth perspective, not only the current relationship of openness with sustainability is positive, but also it can become stronger in the higher level of openness. They are proofs for the openness acting as a catalyst for sustainability in the sample. All the oil-exporting countries are suggested to open their economy wider and wider since the sustainability and openness nexus either is already positive or it becomes positive in the higher degrees of openness. So, sustainability is a flimsy pretext to discourage the openness since it is a positively effective strategy in the long-term, notwithstanding its potentially negative effects in the short-run which creates a gap.
Highlights
1 Introduction What is the nexus between sustainability and openness? It has been a main question for many decades for which no clear answer has been proposed to achieve a strong consensus on (Dufrenot et al 2010; Falvey et al 2012; Greenaway and Morgan 1998; Greenawa et al 1998; Grossman and Krueger 1991; Prebisch 1950; Singer 1950; Singer and Gray 1988; Talberth and Bohara 2006; Ulasan 2015; Zahonogo 2017)
There are a wide range of hypotheses and theories on the relationship, there is no strong consensus on the nexus of openness either with the environmental pollution or with the economic growth (Arezk et al Khodaparast Shirazi et al Economic Structures (2020) 9:40
6 Conclusion This study investigates the relationship between openness and sustainability in ten oilexporting countries within 1990–2012
Summary
It has been a main question for many decades for which no clear answer has been proposed to achieve a strong consensus on (Dufrenot et al 2010; Falvey et al 2012; Greenaway and Morgan 1998; Greenawa et al 1998; Grossman and Krueger 1991; Prebisch 1950; Singer 1950; Singer and Gray 1988; Talberth and Bohara 2006; Ulasan 2015; Zahonogo 2017). This can be due to the various relationships of openness with each element of sustainability (i.e., environmental quality and economic growth). These wide range of theories and hypotheses do not assist in the identification of the nexus between openness and sustainability, and they make it more dubious
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