Abstract
The research for sustainable crop production is mandatory to face climate change and reduction of genetic biodiversity and soil fertility in farming systems and to increase food security, food safety and ecosystem services. Evolutionary history of crop species, effects of crop domestication and adaptation to different environments on crop population and identification of genes/genomic regions that control important agronomic and adaptive traits were studied. Yield and quality have been primary aims for our breeders, who also strived to anticipate the future needs of the society, developing resilient varieties to environment, pests and diseases by using traditional and biotechnological tools. Innovation in vineyard and orchard management was introduced by developing new strategies or adapting traditional techniques to the needs of social and climate changes. Cultivated landscape preservation was pursued by improving carbon sequestration, increasing soil fertility and reducing the risks of soil erosion and nitrogen leaching. Studies on social support and consumer appreciation of sustainable farming systems marked the importance of matching food safety and security, conservation of biodiversity and improvement of ecosystem services. These last at farm and landscape scale are the framework approach for describing the benefits of crop production to human well-being.
Highlights
Plants in their physical environment face several types of variation
Nanofertilizers applied alone and in conjunction with organic materials have the potential to reduce environmental pollution owing to significant less losses and higher absorption rate
The future of nanofertilizers for sustainable crop production and time period needed for their general adaptation as a source of plant nutrients depend on varied factors such as effective legislation, production of novel nanofertilizers products as per requirement and associated risk management
Summary
Plants in their physical environment face several types of variation. Rely on their internal processes to survive changes in the external environment. Plants are affected to function in an oscillating environment and normal external changes are countered by internal changes without any harm to growth or development. The possibility of abiotic or environmental stress is to cause physical harm to the plant due to serious or chronic adverse environmental circumstances. Any adverse influence of inanimate factors on living beings in a fixed setting is described as abiotic stress. To substantially impact the organism’s demographic output or individual physiology, the non-living factor must alter the surrounding beyond its ordinary variation range. Due to the continuous climate change and environmental deterioration induced by human activity, physical surrounding stress has become a key threat to food security. Salt stress, imbalances in nutrients (including mineral toxicity and deficiencies) and temperature extremes are significant environmental limitations on productivity of crops all over the world [1]
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