Abstract
Some recent developments in the preparation of biomass carbon electrodes (CEs) using various biomass residues for application in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, are presented in this work. The application of biomass residues as the primary precursor for the production of CEs has been increasing over the last years due to it being a renewable source with comparably low processing cost, providing prerequisites for a process that is economically and technically sustainable. Electrochemical energy storage technology is key to the sustainable development of autonomous and wearable electronic devices. This article highlights the application of various types of biomass in the production of CEs by using different types of pyrolysis and experimental conditions and denotes some possible effects on their final characteristics. An overview is provided on the use of different biomass types for the synthesis of CEs with efficient electrochemical properties for batteries and supercapacitors. This review showed that, from different biomass residues, it is possible to obtain CEs with different electrochemical properties and that they can be successfully applied in high-performance batteries and supercapacitors. As the research and development of producing CEs still faces a gap by linking the type and composition of biomass residues with the carbon electrodes’ electrochemical performances in supercapacitor and battery applications, this work tries to diminish this gap. Physical and chemical characteristics of the CEs, such as porosity, chemical composition, and surface functionalities, are reflected in the electrochemical performances. It is expected that this review not only provides the reader with a good overview of using various biomass residues in the energy storage applications, but also highlights some goals and challenges remaining in the future research and development of this topic.
Highlights
The conversion of biomass residues into bio-based materials can provide opportunities for biomass-based industries by reducing costs and even creating value from their by-products [1,2,3,4]
Tremendous advances have already been achieved in producing bio-based electronics
The literature has shown a variety of materials synthesised from heterogeneous biomass precursors for energy storage devices based on carbon electrodes
Summary
The conversion of biomass residues into bio-based materials can provide opportunities for biomass-based industries by reducing costs and even creating value from their by-products [1,2,3,4]. CEs from biomass with high surface area and developed porosity is highly desired for LIBs because it can diminish the Li-ions diffusion pathways and to optimise a large electrode/electrolyte interface, which is beneficial for electrochemical reactions and improving its metrics [59,60,61,62,63,64] In this sense, materials used as electrodes might play a crucial role in the whole energy storage systems [63,64,65]. Many kinds of research have been devoted to the feasibility of preparation of CEs from biomasses, mainly due to the significant existence of micro-, meso-, and macropores that have huge effects on their electronic structure and electrochemical performance, such as reduced diffusion length for Li+ ions and electrons and improved reversible capacity (RC) Another important consideration is that porous carbons can be prepared through thermal, physical, and chemical activations. Zhang et al [61] fabricated a CE from rice straw and, among the reports shown in Table 2, it exhibited the highest SSA but not the best electrochemical performances
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