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Abstract
Sustainability in the construction industry refers to all resource-efficient and environmentally responsible processes throughout the life cycle of a structure. Green buildings may incorporate reused, recycled, or recovered materials in their construction. Concrete is as an important building material. Due to the implementation of by-products and waste from various industries into its structure, concrete represents a significant sustainable material. Steel slag has great potential for its reuse in concrete production. Despite its volume changes over time, steel slag can be applied in concrete as a cement replacement (normally) or as a substitute for natural aggregates (rarely). This paper focused on an investigation of concrete with steel slag as a substitute of natural gravel aggregate. Testing physical and mechanical properties of nontraditional concrete with steel slag as a substitute for natural aggregates of 4/8 mm and 8/16 mm fractions confirmed the possibility of using slag as a partial replacement of natural aggregate. Several samples of concrete with steel slag achieved even better mechanical parameters (e.g., compressive strength, frost resistance) than samples with natural aggregate. Moreover, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed within the system boundaries cradle-to-gate. The LCA results showed that replacements of natural aggregates significantly affected the utilization rate of nonrenewable raw materials and reduced the overall negative impacts of concrete on the environment up to 7%. The sustainability indicators (SUI), which considered the LCA data together with the technical parameters of concrete, were set to evaluate sustainability of the analyzed concretes. Based on the SUI results, replacing only one fraction of natural gravel aggregate in concrete was a more sustainable solution than replacing both fractions at once. These results confirmed the benefits of using waste to produce sustainable materials in construction industry.
Highlights
The term “sustainability” has become very popular in recent years
In order to take into account all tested mechanical parameters, it can be stated that the best properties were achieved by concretes with replacement of the aggregate fraction 4/8 mm
The paper dealt with the evaluation of the sustainability of nontraditional concrete with the replacement of natural gravel aggregates by steel slag
Summary
The term “sustainability” has become very popular in recent years. The sustainability challenges we face today are mainly related to environmental threats [1,2,3]. Reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption can be achieved by introducing alternative, waste-based cements in concrete production [6]. The potential for use of blast furnace slag is huge, primarily including a cement replacement in the production of concrete [9] or a replacement for the natural aggregates in the concrete and mortar production [10,11,12]. Such concrete materials could be, in addition, more beneficial for the environment due their increased durability. The evaluation of social factors will be the subject of further research
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