Abstract
Exchangeable Na ions in Na/Al-bentonite were replaced by different equivalent fractions of tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropylammonium, and tetrabutylammonium ions. The effects of this replacement on particle-particle and particle-water interaction were evaluated through measurements of optical density and apparent mineral density, respectively. The effectiveness of these ions as flocculating agents increased with formula weight; however, the flocculation concentration (as indicated by optical density measurements) for each ion gave rise to nearly equivalent surface areas of the mineral being covered by the organic ion. The apparent mineral density increased as coverage of the mineral surface by organic ion increased, reaching a maximum at about 5% surface coverage. At higher organic ion contents the apparent mineral density decreased. No correlation appeared to exist between the apparent mineral density and the optical density measurements, suggesting that the density of the water next to the mineral surface (in particular the density maximum) does not significantly influence the stability of these suspensions.
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