Susceptibility of glucocorticoids to colonic metabolism and pharmacologic intervention in the metabolism: implication for therapeutic activity of colon-specific glucocorticoid 21-sulfate sodium at the target site

Abstract

The systemic side effects of glucocorticoids have prevented their long-term use for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Colon-specific delivery of glucocorticoids has been adopted as a strategy to circumvent the toxicological trouble. Glucocorticoids delivered to the large intestine might undergo metabolisms by colonic microflora, which should affect therapeutic availability at the target site. It was investigated whether the susceptibility of glucocorticoids to the colonic metabolisms and pharmacologic intervention in the metabolism could modulate the therapeutic availability of colon-targeted glucocorticoids. Various glucocorticoids and their derivatives, glucocorticoid 21-sulfate sodium compounds, were incubated in the cecal contents in the presence or absence of reduction inhibitors and the change in the levels of the drugs was monitored. The accumulation profiles of the corresponding glucocorticoids liberated from glucocorticoid 21-sulfate sodium compounds vary, depending on the metabolic susceptibility of glucocorticoids. Reduction inhibitors prevented the cecal metabolisms of glucocorticoids, which was most prominent for prednisolone (PD) and methylprednisolone (MP). Moreover, reduction inhibitors increased the accumulated amount of MP and PD released from PD- and MP-21-sulfate sodium in the cecal contents. Our data provide information useful for selection of a glucocorticoid and a pharmacologic strategy for the design of an efficient colon-specific glucocorticoid prodrug.