Abstract
Plant viruses use cellular factors and resources to replicate and move. Plants respond to viral infection by several mechanisms, including innate immunity, autophagy, and gene silencing, that viruses must evade or suppress. Thus, the establishment of infection is genetically determined by the availability of host factors necessary for virus replication and movement and by the balance between plant defense and viral suppression of defense responses. Host factors may have antiviral or proviral activities. Proviral factors condition susceptibility to viruses by participating in processes essential to the virus. Here, we review current advances in the identification and characterization of host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses. Host factors with proviral activity have been identified for all parts of the virus infection cycle: viral RNA translation, viral replication complex formation, accumulation or activity of virus replication proteins, virus movement, and virion assembly. These factors could be targets of gene editing to engineer resistance to plant viruses.
Highlights
Viruses are molecular parasites that use cellular resources in all parts of their replication cycle.plant viruses move cell-to-cell in infected leaves and long-distance through the vascular system (Figure 1A) using virus-encoded movement proteins and cellular factors
TOM1 and ARL8 are required for negative-strand synthesis of tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) [80,81], unsaturated fatty acids produced by OLE1 are needed for negative-strand synthesis of brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA [70], and GAPDH regulates the asymmetrical synthesis of positive- and negative-strand RNA during tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) replication [71]
Plant virus replication and movement are mediated by viral genetic determinants interacting with and functioning in synchrony with cellular factors
Summary
Viruses are molecular parasites that use cellular resources in all parts of their replication cycle. Plant viruses move cell-to-cell (local) in infected leaves and long-distance through the vascular system (systemic movement) (Figure 1A) using virus-encoded movement proteins and cellular factors. Plant virus replication and movement are genetically determined by a combination of viral and host factors coordinated in a temporal and spatial manner [4,5,6] Viruses express their genes through an RNA intermediate [7]. Plant viruses encode movement proteins that increase the plasmodesmata size exclusion limit or form microtubules to direct virions or nucleoprotein complexes to neighboring cells Virus movement requires both virus-encoded proteins and cellular factors, including membranes, proteins, microtubules, or actin filaments (Table 1) [12,18,19,20,21]. This review is focused on susceptibility genes to plant virus infection and the experimental systems used to identify and characterize them
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