Abstract
Larger carnivores often trigger human-wildlife conflicts that arise from perceived threats to humans and domestic animals’ safety, which generate the need for management and removal strategies. These issues become especially challenging when humans and wildlife coexist close to one another, for example, in urban landscapes. African Crowned Eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) are powerful forest raptors that breed within the metropolitan green-space system of Durban and Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Negative human-wildlife interactions can occur because eagles occasionally predate on pets, such as cats (Felis catus) and small dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and provisioning domestic stock to nest sites has previously been quantified. Here, wildlife management becomes critical, usually aimed at reducing or eliminating causes of economic or social harm, but have to be balanced against conservation goals regarding threatened species. In this study, we (i) identified causes of harm or loss of Crowned Eagles because of injuries (n = 53 incidents; 31 mortalities); and (ii) describe interactions with negative perceptions to human livelihoods, particularly concerning predation on pets and livestock. Anthropogenic causes of mortality were more likely to be reported than remote natural deaths, which provides important opportunities for mitigation measures. Most avoidable are electrocution on utility poles, persecution via gunshot wounds and poisoning (targeted or secondary), while collisions with anthropogenic structures, such as glass panes, vehicles and fence wires, are more challenging to mitigate. Out of 44 verified Crowned Eagle vs. pets and livestock conflicts, we documented 19 dog attacks (2012–2020), with detrimental impacts on social perception and acceptance of urban eagles. Pet and livestock conflicts were primarily associated with juveniles and immature eagles (83%). Of these, 19% occurred during September alone, which marks the end of the post-fledging dependency period; 70% occurred outside the breeding season. We provide management recommendations regarding various categories of Crowned Eagle human-wildlife interactions. For example, activities such as rehabilitation and falconry can coordinate to achieve a high standard of public support and conservation outcomes for Crowned Eagles. Finally, we discuss using different management intervention strategies, including rehabilitation, falconry, re-wildling processes, and lethal control of specific “problem” individuals toward achieving the goal of sustainable, healthy Crowned Eagle populations that coexist with humans in urban landscapes.
Highlights
Wildlife management is primarily a human response to reduce or eliminate causes of economic or social damage caused by wildlife (Treves et al, 2006)
Our breeding data were systematically collected and used to infer causes of nest failure were collected from April 2012 to April 2017 in southern KZN, South Africa (Figure 1), while our incident reports on livelihood threats and harm to Crowned Eagles spanned April 2012 until December 2020
Another trail camera-trap was installed in 2014 to monitor the first Crowned Eagle nest located on anthropogenic infrastructure (Supplementary Figure 1)
Summary
Wildlife management is primarily a human response to reduce or eliminate causes of economic or social damage caused by wildlife (Treves et al, 2006). The public stakeholders have a strong bearing on perceptions of wildlife species that pose a perceived or real threat to human safety, and children in particular (Treves et al, 2006; Gehrt et al, 2010). This perception is extended to pets and companion animals (Gehrt et al, 2010; Poessel et al, 2012). In urban mosaic landscapes where wildlife persists, there are human–wildlife interactions and the need to turning conflict into coexistence (Patterson et al, 2018; Widdows and Downs, 2018; Frank et al, 2019; Streicher et al, 2021)
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