Abstract
The survival of offspring guarded by both parents and by only the female parent who remained after experimental removal of the male parent was observed in the cichlid fishLamprologus toae in its natural habitat. The number of offspring guarded by both parents abruptly decreased during the period from eggs through postlarvae. It became stable for low rate of mortality when the offspring were between 0.5 and 1.8 cm in body length. The number again decreased this time gradually after attaining 1.8 cm in body length. Mortality seemed to be caused by predation. Experimental removal of the male parent at any larval stage caused the decrease of offspring by predatory fishes. It seems that both parents are indispensable to protect the offspring against predators under natural conditions.
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