Abstract
BY ANY MEASURE, at least 45% of all households in the Philippines 3.5 million families are poor. While these households share some problems and owe their poverty to the same underlying causes, households differ significantly in how much they are afflicted by poverty and how they cope with it. Farmers are invariably identified as poor, yet marginal rice and corn farmers on 3 hectares of upland pursue a very different survival strategy with different outcomes than efficient paddy farmers on 1.5 hectares of fully irrigated land. Location clearly accounts for poverty differentials; for example, farmers in Cagayan Valley are more vulnerable to typhoons and have less access to technology, inputs, and markets than farmers in Nueva Ecija. Poverty has a seasonal dimension as well. While upland farmers may grow only one crop a year and accrue very little farm income in the off-season, which may last six months, other farmers are so busy raising two or three crops a year on
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