Survival Disparities Between African American and Caucasian Patients With Multiple Myeloma Are Blunted in the Era of Novel Therapeutics and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract

Abstract Background Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies diagnosed annually in the United States. It is well documented that the African American population is disproportionately affected by MM in incidence and mortality. Survival data from the SEER database from 2001-2005 demonstrated higher mortality in African American patients compared to Caucasian patients. However, more recent retrospective reviews in the era of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) did not support this finding. Thus the persistence of racial survival disparities in the era of ASCT and novel therapeutic agents is an evolving question. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective review of 170 African American MM patients and 170 age-matched and gender-matched Caucasian patients initially seen at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1/1/2002 to 12/31/2008. Results Three hundred forty previously untreated patients were analyzed. Median age at diagnosis was 57 years for both groups. For evaluable patients, the International Staging System at diagnosis was determined. The percentage of stage I, II, and III patients in the African American group was 53%, 28%, and 19%, respectively. The percentage of stage I, II, and III patients in the Caucasian group was 40%, 30%, and 29%, respectively. These staging data were not significantly different between racial groups. In both groups, 89% of patients received a novel therapeutic agent (thalidomide, lenalidomide, or bortezomib) during their treatment course. We found a statistically significant difference in the percentage of African American and Caucasian patients who received high-dose chemotherapy and ASCT (65% and 76%, respectively; P = .04). There was no difference observed in the number of second transplantations performed in the two groups (19 in both groups). Response to therapy is detailed in Table 1 . There was no difference in overall response to any therapy of evaluable patients between the two groups. With a median follow-up time of 35 months, the median overall survival from diagnosis has not been reached in either group. Kaplan-Meir analysis shows that there is no difference in overall survival between African American and Caucasian patients (P = .1) Conclusion In this single-center, retrospective study of MM patients treated predominately with novel agents, with or without ASCT, no survival difference was observed between African American and Caucasian patients. To our knowledge, this is the largest number of African American myeloma patients analyzed for survival in a single-center study. Recognizing the potential disparities in healthcare access, this may not represent outcomes for all African American patients with myeloma. Since median overall survival has not been reached in this data, it is possible that survival differences will become apparent in the future, and further follow-up is needed. However, this review suggests that in the era of novel therapeutics and ASCT resulting in improved overall response rates, survival in African American patients may be equivalent to Caucasian patients. Further efforts are needed to enroll African American patients on clinical trials to validate this observation prospectively. Abstract 6 - Table 1 . Best Response to Any Therapy Race CR VGPR PR ORR African American 56/154 (36%) 15/154 (10%) 76/154 (49%) 147/154 (95%) Caucasian 57/162 (35%) 32/162 (20%) 64/162 (40%) 153/162 (94%)