Abstract
Abstract While the accuracy of instruments and techniques in surveying is constantly being improved, the atmosphere through which we observe remains unchanged. In order to determine the adequacy of present methods of dealing with the bending of light rays, causes of refraction are analysed and data are assembled on the amount of bending and its variation, based on observed temperature gradients. The effects of this bending, both in magnitude and variation, are discussed in relation to trigonometric heighting, levelling, photogrammetry, triangulation, and high precision traversing, and the relevance to geodimeter and tellurometer observations is also noted.
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