Surveying alcohol and other drug use through telephone sampling: a comparison of landline and mobile phone samples

Michael Livingston,Simon Lenton,Darren Pennay,Linda Hayes,Paul Dietze,Jason Ferris

doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-41

Abstract

BackgroundTelephone surveys based on samples of landline telephone numbers are widely used to measure the prevalence of health risk behaviours such as smoking, drug use and alcohol consumption. An increasing number of households are relying solely on mobile telephones, creating a potential bias for population estimates derived from landline-based sampling frames which do not incorporate mobile phone numbers. Studies in the US have identified significant differences between landline and mobile telephone users in smoking and alcohol consumption, but there has been little work in other settings or focussed on illicit drugs.MethodsThis study examined Australian prevalence estimates of cannabis use, tobacco smoking and risky alcohol consumption based on samples selected using a dual-frame (mobile and landline) approach. Respondents from the landline sample were compared both to the overall mobile sample (including respondents who had access to a landline) and specifically to respondents who lived in mobile-only households. Bivariate comparisons were complemented with multivariate logistic regression models, controlling for the effects of basic demographic variables.ResultsThe landline sample reported much lower prevalence of tobacco use, cannabis use and alcohol consumption than the mobile samples. Once demographic variables were adjusted for, there were no significant differences between the landline and mobile respondents on any of the alcohol measures examined. In contrast, the mobile samples had significantly higher rates of cannabis and tobacco use, even after adjustment. Weighted estimates from the dual-frame sample were generally higher than the landline sample across all substances, but only significantly higher for tobacco use.ConclusionsLandline telephone surveys in Australia are likely to substantially underestimate the prevalence of tobacco smoking by excluding potential respondents who live in mobile-only households. In contrast, estimates of alcohol consumption and cannabis use from landline surveys are likely to be broadly accurate, once basic demographic weighting is undertaken.

Highlights

Telephone surveys based on samples of landline telephone numbers are widely used to measure the prevalence of health risk behaviours such as smoking, drug use and alcohol consumption
In 2011, estimates reported by the Australian Communications and Media Authority [14] suggest that around one-fifth of adults live in mobile phone only households and would be excluded for any surveys based on landlines alone
In this study we examine whether there are any differences in the estimates of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use obtained from landline versus mobile phone sampling strategies

Summary

Introduction

Telephone surveys based on samples of landline telephone numbers are widely used to measure the prevalence of health risk behaviours such as smoking, drug use and alcohol consumption. In 2011, estimates reported by the Australian Communications and Media Authority [14] suggest that around one-fifth of adults live in mobile phone only households and would be excluded for any surveys based on landlines alone. This issue is a growing concern – around a third of households in the USA have no landline [15], while mobile-phone only households outnumber those with a landline in at least nine countries in the EU [16]

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Results

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Conclusion