Abstract
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) possess numerous and unique characteristics, such as high channel error-rate, severe link-layer contentions, frequent link breakage (due to node mobility), and dissimilar path properties (e.g., bandwidth, delay, and loss rate) that make these networks different from the traditional ones. These characteristics seriously interfere with communication and hence, ultimately degrade the overall performance in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, network throughput, and network overhead. The traditional referenced layered strict architecture is not capable of dealing with MANET characteristics. Along with this, the most important apprehension in the intent of MANETs is the battery-power consumption, which relies on non-renewable sources of energy. Even though improvements in battery design have not yet reached that great a level, the majority of the routing protocols have not emphasized energy consumption at all. Such a challenging aspect has gained remarkable attention from the researchers, which inspired us to accomplish an extensive literature survey on power-aware optimization approaches in MANETs. This survey comprehensively covers power-aware state-of-the-art schemes for each suggested group, major findings, crucial structures, advantages, and design challenges. In this survey, we assess the suggested power-aware policies in the past in every aspect so that, in the future, other researchers can find new potential research directions.
Highlights
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have gained increasing popularity for a range of applications [1], such as emergency/rescue operations, military sector applications, health monitoring of civil structures, homeland monitoring, and ubiquitous computing
TrIanntshmisissseiocntiopno,wweer cdoenlitnroela-tbeasthede rleoaudtiinngg pernoetrogcyo-lesf.ficiency-related issues unsettling numerous rreoluaCttierndogs-isbs-salausyeeedsr.sFboualusretthidoenrromsu. oAtirnleog,nwpgrewoatiotlhscoothlasip.sp, wreehienntdrotdhuecewtahye problems related to such through which research energy-efficiency works have been maIdnetthoerfeoslololvweianlgl ssuucbhseiscstiuoenss. , we describe these categories of power-aware optimization solutions for MAPNoEwTesr.-efficient approaches for MANETs can be classified into eight categories, according to their basic operation: 3.1
If a node is highly proficient enough in terms of residual power metric, it could accept all the incoming Route Request (RREQ) packets and, much traffic load will have passed through it. It means that the energy consumption drain rate of the nodes, which are essentially participating in forwarding, will likely be very high, which results in a severe drop in their battery power lifetime
Summary
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have gained increasing popularity for a range of applications [1], such as emergency/rescue operations, military sector applications (e.g., battlefield), health monitoring of civil structures, homeland monitoring, and ubiquitous computing. The wireless links have the interference of signals, a higher error-rate, fading, etc Such a highly constrained environment has a profound impact on network performance. A large increase in energy consumption takes place [27], while new challenges are imposed for video streaming over MANETs [28] This quick growth in heterogeneous traffic causes higher packet losses and excessive network delays, it increases energy consumption and reduces QoS performance [27]. In MANETs, the routing algorithm and the congestion control scheme must be energy efficient and must reduce packet loss retransmission as much as possible to reduce energy consumption on each node. In some cross-layer studies, the Physical (PHY), MAC, and routing protocols are re-designed using a cross-layer design (CLD) to optimize the rate at which the energy is consumed, rather than just minimizing the total energy expenditure
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