Survey for potentially necrotizing spider venoms, with special emphasis on Cheiracanthium mildei

Abstract

It has proven difficult to identify those spiders which cause necrotic lesions. In an effort to design a simple, inexpensive screening method for identifying spiders with necrotizing venoms, we have examined the venom gland homogenates of a variety of spider species for their ability to cause red blood cell lysis. Those venoms which were positive were further examined for the presence of sphingomyelinase D, and their ability to evoke necrotic lesions in the skin of rabbits. Sphingomyelinase D is known to be the causative agent of necrosis and red blood cell lysis in the venom of the brown recluse spider ( Loxosceles reclusa), and our assumption was that this would be the same agent in other spider venoms as well. This did not prove to be the case. Of 45 species examined, only the venom of L. reclusa and Cheiracanthium mildei lysed sheep red blood cells. Unlike L. reclusa venom, however, C. mildei venom did not possess sphingomyelinase D nor did it cause necrotic lesions in the skin of rabbits. We present evidence suggesting that a phospholipase A 2 is the hemolytic agent in C. mildei venom.