Abstract
Landscape services are inevitably interlinked with human wellbeing. It is essential to assess landscape services and multifunctionality from both supply and demand points of view toward sustainable landscape management. This study focused on the spatiotemporal variations of the supply, demand, and budget of landscape services in suburban Shanghai, China, including crop production, nutrient regulation, air-quality regulation, soil-erosion regulation, water purification, and recreation and aesthetical value. A new index landscape multifunctionality budget (BMFI) was developed, integrating the budget status of surplus and deficit with landscape management. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and regression analysis were conducted to identify spatial agglomeration and influencing factors of BMFI. Pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity of landscape services was observed. BMFI was in surplus status in 2005 and 2010, but turned to deficit in 2015. Landscape service budgets generally followed the spatial pattern of positive in the west and negative in the east. Budget deficits covered half of the villages in 2015, which were mainly situated near central Shanghai with high population density, high average income, and a fragmented and less diverse landscape pattern. Rapid urban sprawl and the following land-cover changes are the main drivers for the spatiotemporal variations. Landscape function zoning with effective economic development and ecological conservation policies can comprehensively improve the competitiveness achieving sustainable future.
Highlights
Landscape services contributing to human wellbeing in terms of economic, sociocultural, and ecological benefits [1,2,3,4] are vital for achieving self-sustaining human–environmental systems and sustainable utilization of natural capital [5]
We demonstrated that the supply and demand matrices proposed by Burkhard et al [38] are effective for assessing landscape services in a suburban area, and that the landscape multifunctionality budget is a useful tool for aggregating multiple landscape service supplies and demands
The results indicate that land-cover change and the underlying socioeconomic conditions caused by rapid urban sprawl are the main drivers of the temporal and spatial variations of landscape services and landscape multifunctionality budget
Summary
Landscape services contributing to human wellbeing in terms of economic, sociocultural, and ecological benefits [1,2,3,4] are vital for achieving self-sustaining human–environmental systems and sustainable utilization of natural capital [5]. The term “landscape services” can describe the various benefits provided by both natural and artificial landscapes, while the term “ecosystem services” pays more attention to natural systems [17]. Usually more than one landscape service is provided [15] This refers to the phenomenon of landscape multifunctionality, whereby the landscape or potentially provides multiple material and immaterial goods or services to satisfy social needs [18]. Promoting multifunctionality became an important direction in landscape service research and this interdisciplinary concept provides a suitable platform in both theory and practice to combine or disentangle effects of multiple environmental stressors acting on the landscape from a sustainability perspective [19,20]
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