Surgical sterilization among US men and women with employer-based insurance: A claims data analysis

Abstract

ObjectiveTo assess variability in the use of surgical sterilization among privately insured U.S. men and women. Study designWe queried the MarketScan Commercial Claims database using CPT, ICD9, and HCPCS codes to identify 658,509 individuals between 18–65 years old (0.37% of total) who underwent male or female sterilization between 2009–2014. We examined annual trends using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test. We analyzed differences in age, geographic distribution, and family size using Wilcoxon sum-rank and generalized chi-squared tests. ResultsBetween 2009–2014, 422,290 men (0.55% of total men) and 236,219 women (0.24% of total women) with employer-sponsored insurance underwent male and female sterilization, respectively. Annual male sterilizations decreased from 77,565 (0.60%) in 2009 to 61,436 (0.51%) in 2014 (p<.001), while annual female sterilizations decreased from 43,766 (0.26%) to 30,465 (0.19%) (p<.001) over the same time period. Median age at time of male or female sterilization was 38 and 37 years, respectively. The decision to undergo sterilization at age 35 or older was associated with family size of 4 or more individuals (p<.001). Sterilization was more common in urban areas, with 84% of male sterilizations and 79% of female sterilizations performed in urban areas. 79% of men compared to 60% of women who underwent sterilization were the primary policyholders of their employer-sponsored healthcare plans (p<.001). ConclusionMale sterilization was twice as common as female sterilization in this privately insured cohort. Use of surgical sterilization was associated with increased age and larger family size. There was a decline in the annual number of male and female sterilizations during the study period. ImplicationsMale sterilization is more common among US men with employer-based insurance than among the general population. The decline in sterilization may reflect cultural factors and the rise of long-acting reversible contraception. Analyzing the sociodemographic factors impacting sterilization may provide insight into contraceptive choice and improve reproductive health services.